整理及讲解:杜斌 |
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[ 相关内容 ] 种类齐全、操作简单 的 免费 危重病评分工具 |
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| (CSCCM原创,转载请注明) |
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[ 有关名称 ] |
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APACHE 的英文全称为 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation,中文译为 急性生理与慢性健康评分 |
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有个别文献也将 APACHE 的全文写为 Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation,尽管出处不详 |
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[ 内容 ] |
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APACHE II 评分 包括三部分,即 急性生理评分、年龄评分 及 慢性健康评分 |
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急性生理评分 (Acute Physiology Score, APS) |
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基本原则 |
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APS包括12项生理指标,应当选择入ICU最初24小时内的最差值 |
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对于大多数生理指标而言,入ICU最初24小时内的最差值指最高值或最低值 |
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同时记录各个指标在最初24小时内的最高值和最低值,并根据附表分别进行评分,应当选择较高的分值 |
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具体说明 |
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体温:原文指肛温,国内ICU多采用腋温,不建议将腋温加 0.3 或 0.5 度进行评分 |
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因为这样会进一步增加误差(核心体温与腋温的差值并不固定,受到病情的影响) |
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平均动脉压:如果护理记录中没有记录平均动脉压,则应当根据记录的收缩压和舒张压进行计算 |
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收缩压高时平均动脉压不一定高,反之亦然 |
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心率:根据心室率评分 |
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呼吸频率:按照实际呼吸频率评分(无论是否使用机械通气) |
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氧合:FiO2不同时使用不同的指标评价氧合 |
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采用鼻导管或面罩吸氧时需要估测FiO2
此时可采用经验公式 ( FiO2 = O2流量 x 4 + 21,仅适用于鼻导管且氧流量 < 6 lpm时),或见下表 |
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A-aDO2 = FiO2 x (PB-PH2O) – PaCO2 / RQ – PaO2
= FiO2 x (760 – 74) – PaCO2 / 0.8 – PaO2 = 713 x FiO2 – PaCO2 / 0.8 – PaO2
A-aDO2:肺泡动脉氧分压差, FiO2:吸入氧浓度, PB:大气压, PH2O:水蒸气压, RQ:呼吸熵 |
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鼻导管 |
面罩 |
| 氧流量(lpm) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
8 |
15 |
重复吸入 |
| FiO2 |
0.23 |
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.30 |
0.35 |
0.40 |
0.45 |
0.50 |
0.70 |
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注:使用鼻导管时氧流量应 < 6 lpm |
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如 FiO2 < 0.5,根据 PaO2 进行评分,此时估测 FiO2 的准确性不会影响评分结果 |
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如 FiO2 ≥ 0.5,根据 A-aDO2 进行评分,此时估测 FiO2 将影响计算值以及氧合评分结果
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(FiO2受到面罩密闭性及面罩种类的影响因而不确定,但建议科室应当确定经验性数值以确保不同评分者的一致性
例如,规定使用储氧面罩时 FiO2 定为 0.80) |
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动脉血pH:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者 |
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血钠:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者 |
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血钾:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者 |
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血肌酐:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者 |
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注意:肌酐过低也有分 (SCr < 0.6 mg/dL 或 53 μmol/L 时为 2 分) |
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急性肾功能衰竭时,应根据肌酐先行评分后将分值 x 2,而非将肌酐数值 x 2后再进行评分
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急性肾功能衰竭 的定义为:
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每日尿量< 410 ml,每日肌酐升高> 1.5 mg/dL 或 132.6 μmol/L,且未接受长期透析(腹膜透析或血液透析) |
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血球压积:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者 |
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白细胞计数:同时记录最高值和最低值后分别评分,并取分值高者 |
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格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS): |
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使用镇静和(或)肌松药物时应遵循 best guess 的原则进行判断评分,即根据临床表现及药物使用情况,估计在没有药物影响时的GCS (这当然并不容易,且容易导致不同评分者之间的差异,但没有更好的解决方法) |
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两侧肢体活动不对称时,应根据病情较轻侧的情况进行评分 |
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有人工气道的患者进行语言评分时应采用 5-3-1 评分(见下表)
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应计算 15 - GCS 的结果后与其他急性生理评分相加 |
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最佳语言反应 |
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插管患者“语言” |
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最佳运动反应 |
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最佳睁眼 |
| 5 |
| 定向力好 |
| 言语错乱 |
| 只能说出单词 |
| 只能发音 |
| 无反应 |
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5 |
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6 |
| 遵嘱活动 |
| 疼痛定位 |
| 屈曲:收回 |
| 屈曲:去皮层 |
| 伸展 |
| 无反应 |
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4 |
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| 4 |
3 |
5 |
3 |
| 3 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
| 2 |
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气管插管或气管切开 |
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1 |
| 1 |
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患者语言评分使用此列 |
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血HCO3:当没有血气结果时使用此项 |
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(不建议不查血气,因为这将没有氧合及pH两项评分结果) |
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急性生理评分应为各项评分的总和 |
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如有缺项,应视为正常,即评0分 |
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年龄评分 |
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| 年龄(岁) |
≤ 44 |
45 - 54 |
55 - 64 |
65 - 74 |
≥ 75 |
| 分值 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
6 |
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慢性健康评分 |
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入院前须满足慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制状态的诊断 |
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相关诊断标准见下表 |
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| 肝脏 |
活检证实的肝硬化及明确的门脉高压;既往因门脉高压引起的上消化道出血;或既往发生肝功能衰竭 / 肝性脑病 / 肝昏迷 |
| 心血管 |
纽约心脏病协会心功能IV级 |
| 呼吸 |
慢性阻塞性、梗阻性或血管性肺疾病导致活动重度受限,即不能上楼或不能做家务;或明确的慢性低氧、CO2潴留、继发性真红细胞增多症、重度肺动脉高压(> 40 mmHg) 或 呼吸机依赖 |
| 肾脏 |
接受长期透析治疗 |
| 免疫功能 |
应用治疗影响感染的抵抗力,如免疫功能抑制治疗,化疗,放疗,长期或近期使用大剂量激素,或罹患疾病影响感染的抵抗力,如白血病、淋巴瘤和AIDS |
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符合慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制的患者才有慢性健康评分 |
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择期手术后入ICU,为2分 |
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急诊手术或非手术后入ICU,为5分 |
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若不符合慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制的诊断,无论入院情况如何,均没有慢性健康评分(即慢性健康评分为0) |
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最终 APACHE II 评分 = 急性生理评分 + 年龄评分 + 慢性健康评分 |
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APACHE II 评分的理论最高值为 71 分 |
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预期病死率的计算 |
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计算 APACHE II 评分 |
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判断是否为急诊手术 |
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急诊手术 定义为:由计划手术开始24小时内进行的手术 |
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确定入ICU的诊断分类系数(或权重) |
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见附录中相应表格 |
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根据患者入ICU的主要原因而非基础疾病确定系数 |
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例如,择期消化道肿瘤切除手术患者因有慢性肾衰病史,术后返回ICU。此时,诊断分类系数应选择: |
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手术栏目中的 admission due to chronic cardiovascular disease (-1.376),而非 GI surgery for neoplasm (-0.248) |
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如列举项目均与患者情况不符合,应根据导致患者入ICU的主要罹患器官或系统确定系数(在表格的下部) |
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例如,患者因急性肾功能衰竭导致的高钾血症入ICU,应选择表格左半部分下方的 Metabolic/renal (-0.885) |
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根据以下公式计算预期病死率 |
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病死率指住院病死率而非ICU病死率 |
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ln(R/1-R) = -3.517 + (APACHE II 评分 x 0.146) + (0.603, 若为急诊手术) + (诊断分类系数)
其中:R 为预期病死率 |
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The APACHE II Severity of Disease Classification System |
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Physiologic Variable |
+4 |
+3 |
+2 |
+1 |
0 |
Score |
Temperature – rectal (°C) |
≥ 41°
≤ 29.9° |
39 - 40.9°
30 - 31.9° |
32 - 33.9° |
38.5 - 38.9°
34 - 35.9° |
36 - 38.4° |
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MAP – mmHg |
≥ 160
≤ 49 |
130 - 159 |
110 - 129
50 - 69 |
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70 - 109 |
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HR (ventricular response) |
≥ 180
≤ 39 |
140 - 179
40 - 54 |
110 - 139
55 - 69 |
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70 - 109 |
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RR – (non-ventilated or ventilated) |
≥ 50
≤ 5 |
35 - 49 |
6 - 9 |
25 - 34
10 - 11 |
12 - 24 |
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Oxygenation: A-aDO2 or PaO2 (mmHg): |
a. FiO2 ≥ 0.5: A-aDO2 |
≥ 500 |
350 - 499 |
200 - 349 |
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< 200 |
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b. FiO2 < 0.5: PaO2 |
< 55 |
55 - 60 |
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61 - 70 |
> 70 |
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Arterial pH |
≥ 7.7
< 7.15 |
7.6 - 7.69
7.15 - 7.24 |
7.25 - 7.32 |
7.5 - 7.59 |
7.33 - 7.49 |
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Serum Na (mmol/L) |
≥ 180
≤ 110 |
160 - 179
111 - 119 |
155 - 159
120 - 129 |
150 - 154 |
130 - 149 |
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Serum K (mmol/L) |
≥ 7
< 2.5 |
6 - 6.9 |
2.5 - 2.9 |
5.5 - 5.9
3 - 3.4 |
3.5 - 5.4 |
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Serum Cr (mg/dL)
(double point score for ARF) |
≥ 3.5 |
2 - 3.4 |
1.5 - 1.9
< 0.6 |
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0.6 - 1.4 |
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Hct (%) |
≥ 60
< 20 |
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50 - 59.9
20 - 29.9 |
46 - 49.9 |
30 - 45.9 |
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WCC (x 109/L) |
≥ 40
< 1 |
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20 - 39.9
1 - 2.9 |
15 - 19.9 |
3 - 14.9 |
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GCS (Score = 15 – actual GCS) |
A Acute physiology score (APS) |
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Serum HCO3 (venous, mmol/L) (not preferred, use if no ABGs) |
≥ 52
< 15 |
41 - 51.9
15 - 17.9 |
18 - 21.9 |
32 - 40.9 |
22 - 31.9 |
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B Age Points |
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Assign points to age as follows: |
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| Age (yrs) |
≤ 44 |
45 - 54 |
55 - 64 |
65 - 74 |
≥ 75 |
| Points |
0 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
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C Chronic Health Points |
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If the patient has a history of severe organ system insufficiency or is immunocompromised assign points as follows: |
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for nonoperative or emergency postoperative patients – 5 points |
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for elective postoperative patients – 2 points |
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Definitions: |
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Organ insufficiency or immunocompromised state must have been evident prior to this hospital admission and conform to the following criteria: |
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Liver |
Biopsy proven cirrhosis and documented portal hypertension; episodes of past upper GI bleeding attributed to portal hypertension; or prior episodes of hepatic failure / encephalophathy / coma |
Cardiovascular |
New York Heart Association Class IV |
Respiratory |
Chronic restrictive, obstructive, or vascular disease resulting in severe exercise restriction, i.e., unable to climb stairs or perform household duties; or documented chronic hypoxia, hypercapnia, secondary polycythemia, severe pulmonary hypertension (> 40 mmHg), or respiratory dependency |
Renal |
receiving chronic dialysis |
Immunocompromised |
The patient has received therapy that suppresses resistance to infection, e.g., immunosuppression, chemotherapy, radiation, long-term or recent high doses steroids, or has a disease that is sufficiently advanced to suppress resistance to infection, e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, AIDS |
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APACHE II Score |
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A Acute physiology score (APS) |
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B Age Points |
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C Chronic Health Points |
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Total APACHE II score = A + B + C = |
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Emergency surgery: Yes No |
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Diagnostic category weight: |
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Probability of Death: |
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Principal Diagnostic Categories Leading to ICU Admission |
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| Nonoperative patients |
Postoperative patients |
| Respiratory failure or insufficiency from: |
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| Asthma/allergy |
-2.108 |
Multiple trauma |
-1.684 |
| COPD |
-0.367 |
Admission due to chronic cardiovascular dis. |
-1.376 |
| Pulmonary edema (noncardiogenic) |
-0.251 |
Peripheral vascular surgery |
-1.315 |
| Postrespiratory arrest |
-0.168 |
Heart valve surgery |
-1.261 |
| Aspiration/poisoning/toxic |
-0.142 |
Craniotomy for neoplasm |
-1.245 |
| Pulmonary embolus |
-0.128 |
Renal surgery for neoplasm |
-1.204 |
| Infection |
0 |
Renal transplant |
-1.042 |
| Neoplasm |
0.891 |
Head trauma |
-0.955 |
| Cardiovascular failure or insufficiency from: |
Thoracic surgery for neoplasm |
-0.802 |
| Hypertension |
-1.798 |
Craniotomy for ICH/SDH/SAH |
-0.788 |
| Rhythm disturbance |
-1.368 |
Laminectomy and other spinal cord surgery |
-0.699 |
| Congestive heart failure |
-0.434 |
Hemorrhagic shock |
-0.682 |
| Hemorrhagic shock/hypovolemia |
0.493 |
GI bleeding |
-0.617 |
| Coronary artery disease |
-0.191 |
GI surgery for neoplasm |
-0.248 |
| Sepsis |
0.113 |
Respiratory insufficiency after surgery |
-0.140 |
| Postcardiac arrest |
0.393 |
GI perforation/obstruction |
0.060 |
| Cardiogenic shock |
-0.259 |
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| Dissecting thoracic/abdominal aneurysm |
0.731 |
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| Trauma: |
For postoperative patients admitted to the ICU for sepsis or postarrest, use the corresponding weights for nonoperative patients. |
| Multiple trauma |
-1.228 |
| Head trauma |
-0.517 |
| Neurologic: |
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| Seizure disorder |
-0.584 |
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| ICH/SDH/SAH |
0.723 |
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| Other: |
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| Drug overdose |
-3.353 |
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| Diabetic ketoacidosis |
01.597 |
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| GI bleeding |
0.334 |
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| If not in one of the specific groups above, then which major vital organ system was the principal reason for admission? |
If not in one of the above, which major vital organ system led to ICU admission postsurgery? |
| Metabolic/renal |
-0.885 |
Neurologic |
-1.150 |
| Respiratory |
-0.890 |
Cardiovascular |
-0.797 |
| Neurologic |
-0.759 |
Respiratory |
-0.610 |
| Cardiovascular |
0.470 |
Gastrointestinal |
-0.613 |
| Gastrointestinal |
0.501 |
Metabolic/renal |
-0.196 |
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To compute predicted death rates for groups of acutely ill patients, for each individual compute the risk (R) of hospital death with the following equation; then sum the individual risks and divide by the total number of patients |
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ln (R / 1-R) = -3.517 + (APACHE II score x 0.146) + (0.603, only if postemergency surgery) + (Diagnostic category weight) |
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(CSCCM原创,转载请注明) |
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[ 相关内容 ] 种类齐全、操作简单 的 免费 危重病评分工具 |
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